Preheat the oven: Preheat the oven to 425°F and line a sheet pan with parchment paper or foil for easy cleanup.
Season the sweet potatoes: Toss the sweet potato cubes with 1 tablespoon olive oil, smoked paprika, garlic powder, salt, and pepper until evenly coated.
Spread in a single layer: Arrange the sweet potatoes on the sheet pan with space between each piece so they roast instead of steam.
Roast until caramelized: Roast for about 25 minutes, flipping once halfway through, until the edges turn deep golden and slightly crisp.
Brown the ground beef: Heat the remaining 1 tablespoon olive oil in a skillet over medium-high heat and add the ground beef, breaking it into small crumbles with a spatula.
Cook until no pink remains: Cook the beef for about 7 minutes, stirring occasionally, until fully browned, then season with onion powder, salt, and pepper.
Drain excess fat: Tilt the skillet and spoon off any extra fat so the final dish isn't greasy.
Melt the cheese: Lower the heat, scatter cheddar cheese over the beef, cover, and let it sit for about 2 minutes until melted into soft pockets.
Make the burger sauce: In a small bowl, whisk together mayonnaise, ketchup, mustard, and pickle relish until smooth.
Assemble the bowls: Divide shredded lettuce among four bowls, then top with roasted sweet potatoes and the cheesy ground beef side by side.
Add toppings and sauce: Scatter diced red onion and chopped pickles over each bowl, then drizzle generously with the burger sauce before serving.